引种草坪草的适应性评价及病害和草害

1997～1998年，对引自丹麦的草地早熟禾、黑麦草、高羊茅、羊茅、紫羊茅、匍匐剪股颖和白三叶等草坪草的品种在兰州市进行了适应性评价。观测、记载了草坪的成坪期、密度、盖度、颜色、质地、越冬率、越夏率、返青期、枯黄期、青缘期等性状；调查了病害的发病率，并对病株进行了病原物的分离、培养和鉴定，统计了各品种带菌率和真菌的分离率；调查了草坪建植与生长过程中的杂草种类和危害程度。结果表明：除Pichwick和Juventus黑麦草以外的所有参试品种均可在兰州地区种植。其中，白三叶的综合性状最好，具有质地柔滑、成坪较快、覆盖度高、枯黄期晚等特点；其次为ORNAMENTAL和SPORT2个混配型草种，成坪快，但抗病性较差；其余各品种建坪后表现好，但成坪速度较慢。草坪生长过程中的主要病害为交链孢叶斑病、离蠕孢叶斑病、德氏霉叶斑病、壳二孢叶枯病、壳二孢叶斑病、镰刀菌枯萎病和叶点霉叶斑病。苗期主要杂革为狗尾草和田旋花。     

梅州市五华县石灰岩矿区土壤铅污染现状研究及改良对策

对梅州市五华县几个石灰岩矿区周边土壤中铅含量进行了测定，结果表明，污染土壤的铅含量远远超出了国家土壤环境质量三级标准（对土壤生态环境产生影响的最低浓度值），对生态产生影响。根据内梅罗污染指数评定得出，矿区土壤铅污染达到重污染的程度。提出了减轻铅污染对生态环境危害的控制污染源措施和改良对策。     

基于冠层温度的温室葡萄CWSI模型试验研究

探讨并建立了适合于镇江丘陵地区温室葡萄水分状况监测的作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)模型.通过田间实验和观测,得到了适合温室葡萄的CWSI经验模型中的经验关系.初步的检验和分析表明,这一模型是合理的,可以用于温室内葡萄基于冠层温度信息的水分状况监测.     

有限元法在土壤切削过程模拟中的应用

介绍了土壤切削和有限元法的基本概念,探讨了国内外学者使用有限元法模拟土壤切削过程的进展情况,总结了有限元法在土壤切削过程模拟中遇到的问题.同时,提出了应加强对有限元法在多参数交互、有秸秆混合的复杂土壤条件下的切削过程模拟的研究.     

冻融中土壤的水热动态

根据在北京郊区的试验,认为土壤水冻融过程可分为三阶段,其中第二阶段有聚墒现象,平均聚墒8.6mm,所聚的墒在融化过程中又逐渐消失。气温回升至-2℃左右是冻层下部由冻到融的转折温度。冬灌水保存到来年春季的数量有限,本试验中1m 土层内平均不足20mm。     

苏北滨海盐土区杉木生态适应性及栽培技术的研究

调查研究结果表明，盐城市滨海盐土区与杉木中心产区的气候因子比较接近，基本适宜杉木的生长，杉木造林选择地下一在１．５ｍ以下，排水良好的采伐更新迹地并采用 栽植法效果较好。新造幼林套种作物以棉花最好。     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

Issues and Some Strategies of Sustainable Development of Black Soil Resources in Black Soil Zone in Northeast China

黑土资源是世界的稀缺资源,黑土带的水土流失、环境污染、土地流转、土地退化问题成为黑土资源可持续发展的障碍。根据实地调研结合资料,分析了东北黑土带土地资源可持续发展的主要问题;提出了黑土资源的可持续发展对策,即:加强农业发展规划;保护黑土区耕地,农耕技术上改进,加强农田基本建设等。     

福建土壤对酸沉降的相对敏感性评价与区划

选择母岩、土壤类型、土地利用和降雨量 4个生态因子 ,应用半定量化方法对其进行类目划分和权重 ,综合评价了福建省土壤对酸沉降的相对敏感性 ,并应用地理信息系统进行了区划 .由于福建省风化缓慢的硅质岩所占的比例较大 ,土壤大多呈酸性至微酸性反应 ,降水丰富 ,加之针叶林面积大 ,所以全省有 60 %以上面积的土壤显示出较大的敏感性等级 (5～ 7级 )     

Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1

Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E_o's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E_om) followed the soil-specific relation E_om/E_o= a e^(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E_o, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)^0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and E_o but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E_o and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of E_o, and for all situations under small E_o. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E_o of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.